C O N T E N T S

List of Maps ix
List of Tables xi
List of Photos xiii
List of Figures xvii
Glossary of Terms xix
List of Abbreviations/Acronyms xxi
Key to the Transliteration System xxiii
Acknowledgment xxv
Abstract xxvii
Preface xxix

1 THE BRIEF SURVEY OF THE BÄGÉMEDER AND SEMÉN, AND IT S PEOPLE TO 1941 1
1.1. Bägémeder and Semén, and its People ……………………………………. 2
1.2. The Socio-Economic Setting and the Local Administration …….. 19
1.3. A Historical Survey of Gondar to 1941 …………………………………… 25
   1.3.1. The Government and its Administration in the Land of Gondar, 1636-1935 …………………………………………………… 25
   1.3.2. The Italian Occupation & The Contribution of the People for Independence, 1936 To 1941 ……………………………. 33

2 A RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD OF THE GOVERNOR ATE, 1940S-1960S 43
2.1. A Period of New administration and its Challenges, 1941-1947 ……………………………………………………………………………….. 43                                                  2.2. The Courts and Judicial Problems, 1940s to 1960s ………………….. 68
2.3. Some Historical Aspects And The Mayor/Municipal Administration In Gondar Town, 1941-1974 …………………………… 88
2.4. The Local Administrations, Security Issues, and Punishment … 95

3 THE SO CIO-EC ONOMIC ORIGIN AND ADMINISTR ATION IN BÄGÉMEDER & SEMÉN, 1941-1974 111
3.1. Attempted Reforms and Administration During the Period 111
   3.1.1. The Inception And Growth Of Modern Education ………….111
   3.1.2. The Status of Roads and Other Infrastructures. ……………….126
   3.1.3 Welfare and Health Adminstartion …………………………………..133
   3.1.4. The Italian Holdings and its Administration …………………..140
3.2. The Evolution of Contemporary Agriculture ………………………….147
3.3. Land and Tax Administration ……………………………………………….153
   3.3.1. Tax Administration System and Chiqnät ………………………..162

4 ADMINISTR ATION OF THE GOVERNOR ATE GENER AL ON SUDAN BORDER ANOMALIES AND THE POSITION OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, 1950S –1974 187
4.1 Entangled Relations at the Border …………………………………………..187
4.2. The Ongoing of Farmland Dispute Between the Ethiopian and Sudanese Farmers ……………………………………………………………205
4.3. The Confrontation on the Mahbärä Selassie Monastery Front ..233
4.4. The Re-Eruption of Border Conflict in the Humära Front………238
4.5 Sudanese Refugees in Bägémeder and Semén ………………………..244

5 THE GOVERNOR ATE ADMINISTRATION: FROM POWER CONSOLIDATION TO REGIONAL AUTOCRACY (1960-1974) 253
5.1. The Nature of Administration after the Abortive Coup of 1960 …………………………………………………………………………………..253
5.2. Election and the Participation of the People …………………………..290
5.3 The Moslem Settlers in the Governorate Land ………………………..295
5.4. The Memorial Effort for Local Heroes …………………………………..314

6 OPPOSITION IN BÄGÉMEDER AND SEMÉN FROM EARLY TO FULL RIOT, 1941-1973 339
6.1 The Opposition Journey and its Repercussion …………………………339
   6.1.1. The Early Peasant Discontent Against the Government Since Restoration …………………………………………………………….340
   6.1.2. The Student Unrest: Perennial Quest For Freedom ………….351
   6.1.3. The February 1974 Rebellion and Escalation of the Situation ……………………………………………………………….386
   6.1.4. Eritrean Insurgents in Bägémeder and Semén Governorate ………………………………………………………..394

7 THE PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT FROM RIOT TO REVOLUTION AND THE END OF THE MONARCHY,1974  403
7.1. The Incident of “Mägabit 26” and the Outbreak of the People’s Rebellion …………………………………………………………………..403
7.2. The Anti-Movement Attempts and the Fall of the Monarchy ….427

Conclusion 447

References 451

Appendix 491