Aspects of Applied Linguistics
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This book, ASPECTS OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS, synthesizes brilliantly the works of scholars with more recent examples for clarity and precision. It definitely would serve the purpose for which it is designed. – Professor Hyeladzira Ali Balami (University of Maiduguri)
This is a fascinating book that addresses many critical aspects of applied linguistics as the study of language-in-use and language-in-education. Concepts and theories are well treated, definitions unambiguously addressed, and examples carefully presented and applied. This book will be useful for undergraduate and post-graduate students in the areas of Linguistics, English as well as in Communication Arts. – Professor Frances Ngozi Chukwukere (Imo State University).
Amen Uhunmwangho is Professor of English and Applied Linguistics, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Apart from obtaining a Doctorate in English, he is also a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria and Notary Public.
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Foreword …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
CHAPTER ONE :
ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1.0 Functions of Language ………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.1 History of the English Language ………………………………………………………… 9
1.2 Approaches to the Study of Language ………………………………………………. 11
1.2.1 The Syntactic Component ……………………………………………………….. 11
1.2.2 The Phonological Component …………………………………………………. 15
1.2.3 The Semantic Component ……………………………………………………….. 18
1.3 Parts of Speech ………………………………………………………………………………… 20
1.3.1 The Noun in English ……………………………………………………………….. 21
1.3.2 Pronouns…………………………………………………………………………………. 23
1.3.3 The Uses of Verbs ……………………………………………………………………. 26
1.3.4 The Uses of Adjectives …………………………………………………………….. 31
1.3.5 Adverbs …………………………………………………………………………………… 33
1.3.6 The Values of Prepositions ………………………………………………………. 35
1.3.7 Conjunctions and Interjections of English ………………………………. 36
CHAPTER TWO :
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
2.0 What is Communication? ………………………………………………………………… 39
2.1 Oral Communication ………………………………………………………………………. 43
2.2 Non- Verbal Communication ………………………………………………………….. 48
2.3 Listening and Speaking Skills …………………………………………………………… 51
2.4 Readings Skills …………………………………………………………………………………. 57
2.5 Making a Report (Writing skills) ……………………………………………………… 59
2.5.1 Kinds of Reports ……………………………………………………………………… 61
2.5.2 Narrative and Descriptive Writing …………………………………………… 63
2.5.3 Expository Writing ………………………………………………………………….. 65
2.5.4 Argumentative Writing ……………………………………………………………. 67
CHAPTER THREE :
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
3.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………. 69
3.1 The Concepts of Phonology …………………………………………………………….. 70
3.1.1 Organs of Speech …………………………………………………………………….. 72
3.1.2 Classification of Sounds: Consonants and Vowels ……………………. 74
3.1.3 Consonant Sounds: Place and
Manner of Articulation Features ……………………………………………… 75
3.1.4 Vowels Sounds ………………………………………………………………………… 78
3.1.5 Diphthongs ……………………………………………………………………………… 84
3.2 English Phonology ………………………………………………………………………….. 87
3.2.0 Suprasegmental Features …………………………………………………………. 89
3.2.1 Stress ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
3.2.2 Rhythm …………………………………………………………………………………… 92
3.2.3 Intonation ……………………………………………………………………………….. 93
3.3 Phonetics and Phonological Transcriptions ……………………………………… 95
3.4 Revision Exercises …………………………………………………………………………… 96
CHAPTER FOUR :
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………. 97
4.1 Speech Arts …………………………………………………………………………………….101
4.2 The Ethnography of Speaking …………………………………………………………105
4.3 Conversational Analysis ………………………………………………………………….110
4.4 Conversational Tone ……………………………………………………………………….115
4.5 Turn-taking …………………………………………………………………………………….117
CHAPTER FIVE :
THE SEMANTICS OF ENGLISH
5.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………..121
5.1 Meaningfulness or Meaning of Meaning …………………………………………122
5.1.0 Meaning and Reference ………………………………………………………….124
5.1.1 The Image Theory of Meaning ………………………………………………..125
5.2 Types of Meaning ……………………………………………………………………………127
5.3 Presuppositions ………………………………………………………………………………131
5.4 Truth Conditional Semantics ………………………………………………………….134
5.5 Ambiguity and Vagueness ………………………………………………………………135
5.6 Componential Analysis …………………………………………………………………..138
CHAPTER SIX :
THE TERRITORY OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS
6.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………..141
6.1 Characteristics/Functions of Language …………………………………………..145
6.2 What is Standard English Language? ………………………………………………148
6.3 Dialect and Dialectology…………………………………………………………………150
6.4 Elaborated Code and Restricted Code …………………………………………….154
6.5 Diglossia …………………………………………………………………………………………156
6.6 Language Shift ………………………………………………………………………………..159
CHAPTER SEVEN :
INTRODUCTION TO STYLISTICS
7.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………..163
7.1 The Value of Multimodal Stylistics ………………………………………………….167
7.2 Sentence-Level Constructions ………………………………………………………..171
7.3 Statements (Declaratives) ……………………………………………………………….172
7.4 Qualitative Foregrounding ……………………………………………………………..180
7.5 Reference ………………………………………………………………………………………..184
7.6 Ellipsis ……………………………………………………………………………………………189
7.7 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………..192
CHAPTER EIGHT :
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN ENGLISH
8.0 Preamble ………………………………………………………………………………………..195
8.1 Types of Research …………………………………………………………………………..197
8.2 Objectives of Research ……………………………………………………………………203
8.3 Practical Steps in Research ……………………………………………………………..206
8.3.1 Abstract Page ………………………………………………………………………….206
8.3.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..209
8.3.3 Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………211
8.3.4 Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………..214
8.4 The MLA style sheet ……………………………………………………………………….216
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………..223