Description
The International Court of Justice case law has set a standard that meets international expectations as far as the principle of review is concerned, a standard that should not be deviated from, particularly when the laws guiding the said principle are similar to ICTR laws. Unfortunately, in the Barayagwiza case, the Appeals Chamber decision of 31.03.2000 on the prosecutor’s request for review or reconsideration was reached contrary to the prescriptions of the ICTY rules and on untenable grounds.This research appeals to judges and other actors to put aside the Barayagwiza Appeal’s decision and not to consider the said decision as a relevant authority as far as the concept of review is concerned.
About the author
Gracieux Mbuzukongira is a law professor with vast teaching experience in international law. He has taught at various universities in the East African region. Other than teaching activities he has held various positions in academia including in the Directorate for postgraduate studies and the Office of Deputy Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at the University of Iringa in Tanzania. He is a guest researcher at the Max- Planck Institute for Comparative Public and International Law in Heidelberg in Germany, he also teaches at the MIT-World Peace University-PUNE in India.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………………………….i
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………..iii
1. The Judge made Law Theory …………………………………………………………. vi
2. Research Methods …………………………………………………………………………ix
3. The Structure of the Research ………………………………………………………… x
Chapter 1: The Doctrine of Judicial Review in International Law
1.1 Definition and Condition of Applicability ……………………………………. 1
1.2 Conditions …………………………………………………………………………………… 2
1.2.1 Discovery of New Facts …………………………………………………………. 2
1.2.2 Ratio Decidendi …………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.2.3 Negligence …………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.3 In International Criminal Law ……………………………………………………… 7
1.3.1 The Early Military Tribunals ……………………………………………………… 7
1.3.2 Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals: The ICTY ………………………………….. 9
1.3.2.1 The Dusco Tadic Case ……………………………………………………10
1.3.2.2 The Dario Kordic and Mario Cerkez Case ……………………..12
1.3.2.3 The Veselin Sljivancanin Case ………………………………………..13
Chapter 2: The Barayagwiza Case
2.1 Applicable Rules………………………………………………………………………….15
2.2 The Admissibility of the Application ………………………………………….. 16
2.3 The New Facts Standard …………………………………………………………….. 17
2.3.1 The Right to be Promptly Charged ………………………………………. 17
2.3.2 The Willingness of the Republic of Cameroon ……………………… 19
2.3.3 The Deferring of the Date of Initial Appearance …………………… 21
2.3.4 Unknown Fact to the Moving Party …………………………………….. 23
2.4 The Legal Status of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence ……………. 24
2.5 The Defense Motion for Revision and /or Reconsideration ………… 27
2.6 Motion for Revision or a Motion for Reconsideration ………………… 28
2.7 The 14.09.2000 Decision …………………………………………………………….. 30
2.8 The 23.06.2006 Decision on 23.09.2005 Motion …………………………. 33
Chapter 3: The Crime of Genocide
3.1 Evolution of the Law ………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.2 Material Elements of the Crimes ………………………………………………… 42
3.2.1 Killing Members of the Group …………………………………………….. 42
3.2.2 Protected Groups ………………………………………………………………….43
3.2.2.1 National Group………………………………………………………………44
3.2.2.2 Ethnic Group …………………………………………………………………45
3.2.2.3 Racial Group ………………………………………………………………….46
3.2.2.4 Religious Group …………………………………………………………….48
3.2.3 Causing Serious Bodily or Mental Harm
to Members of the Group ……………………………………………………..48
3.2.4 Inflicting Conditions Calculated to Destroy the Group ……….. 49
3.2.5 Imposing Measures Intended to Prevent Birth …………………….. 50
3.2.6 Forcibly transferring Children
of the Group to Another Group ……………………………………………52
3.3 The Intent to Destroy …………………………………………………………………. 53
3.4 In Whole or in Part……………………………………………………………………..55
3.5 The Barayagwiza Trial ………………………………………………………………… 56
3.6 The Barayagwiza Appeal …………………………………………………………….. 57
Chapter 4: Inchoate Crimes
4.1 Conspiracy to Commit Genocide ………………………………………………. 60
4.1.1 Constitutive Elements …………………………………………………………..61
4.1.2 Cumulative Sentencing ………………………………………………………… 62
4.1.3 The Baragwiza Trial ……………………………………………………………..64
4.1.4 The Barayagwiza Appeal ………………………………………………………65
4.2 Direct and Public Incitement ………………………………………………………66
4.2.1 The Barayagwiza Trial …………………………………………………………..69
4.2.2 The Barayagwiza Appeal ………………………………………………………70
Concluding Remarks ………………………………………………………………………….. 70
Selected Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………73
Disclaimer ……………………………………………………………………………………………….77
Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………………………79
