Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Sakina Faru, Charles Sanaane, Claus Melter………………………………………………………………. i

CHAPTER ONE: In memory of genocide against members of Majimaji Movement in Tanzania from 1905 to 1907
Dr. Sakina Faru ……………………………………………………………………..1

1.1 The Setting ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.1.0 Definitions of terms and concepts …………………………………………………. 3
1.1.1 Majimaji ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.1.2 Genocide ………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.1.3 Afrocentricity ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
1.1.4 Renaming of Majimaji in Tanzanian context ………………………………..10

1.2 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………….10
1.2.0 Causes of Majimaji war ………………………………………………………………..11
1.2.1 Forced cotton cultivation and rubber extraction ………………………….12
1.2.2 Heavy taxation …………………………………………………………………………….13
1.2.3 Compulsory labour and harassment in road construction ……………14
1.2.4 Wildlife ordinances ……………………………………………………………………..15

1.3 Areas covered by Majimaji war …………………………………………………………..15
1.3.0 Consequences of Majimaji war …………………………………………………….16
1.3.1 Devastation and depopulation ……………………………………………………..17
1.3.2 Internal changes …………………………………………………………………………..18
1.3.3 Changes from extractive to developmental colonialism ……………….18
1.3.4 Development and neglect …………………………………………………………….19

1.4 Majimaji war genocide or not genocide? ……………………………………………. 19

1.5 Memory pertaining to Majimaji war ………………………………………………….. 24

1.6 Repatriation and reparation ………………………………………………………………. 26

1.7 Women and heroines in the Majimaji war ………………………………………….27

1.8 Majimaji heritage Resources ……………………………………………………………….29
1.8.1 Majimaji heritage sites………………………………………………………………….29
1.8.2 Majimaji heritage landscapes ……………………………………………………….30

1.9 Concluding Remarks ………………………………………………………………………….32
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………36

CHAPTER TWO: Cultural Diversity in Tanzania and Germany
By Dr. Sakina Faru………………………………………………………………. 4

2.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….41

2.1 Definition of key terms and concepts …………………………………………………. 41

2.2 Interactions before colonialism ………………………………………………………….. 42

2.3 Interactions during colonialism …………………………………………………………. 51

2.4 Interactions during post-independence of Tanzania, to date ……………… 55
2.4.1 Religious undertakings ………………………………………………………………..55
2.4.2 Language interactions (Kiswahili language) …………………………………55
2.4.3 Social services delivery ………………………………………………………………..56
2.4.4 Training and Exchange of Expertise …………………………………………….56
2.4.5 Research and Development ………………………………………………………….57
2.4.6 Democracy, Gender Equality and Human Rights …………………………57
2.4.7 Economic and Infrastructure Development …………………………………58
2.4.8 Diplomatic Relations ……………………………………………………………………59

2.5 Concluding Remarks ………………………………………………………………………….60
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………61

CHAPTER THREE: Heroines of Majimaji War in Tanzania from 1905 to 1907
Dr. Sakina Faru ………………………………………………………………. 6

3.1 Introduction and General Background ………………………………………………. 65
3.1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..65
3.1.2 General Background ……………………………………………………………………65

3.2 Women’s Participation in Liberation Struggles …………………………………… 69
3.2.1 Women’s Participation in Wars in Africa ……………………………………..69
3.2.2 Women’s Participation in Majimaji War ……………………………………….72

3.3 Discussions ………………………………………………………………………………………..76
3.3.1 Perception of wartime statuses in gender relations ……………………….76
3.3.2 Women’s Participation in Majimaji War:
The Unsung Majimaji war heroines ……………………………………………..76

3.4 Concluding Remarks ………………………………………………………………………….78
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………79

Chapter Four: German built heritage for continued use for socioeconomic development in Tanzania
Dr. Charles Bernard Saanane ………………………………………………………………. 8

4.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….83

4.1 Drivers of exploration and scientific expeditions around the world ……. 83

4.2 Collected Human Remains, Animal Remains, Plant Remains
and Cultural Objects from Tanzania during German Rule …………………. 86
4.2.1 Collected Human Remains from Tanzania during German Rule ….86
4.2.2 Collected Animal Remains from Tanzania during German Rule ….90
4.2.3 Collected Plant Remains from Tanzania during German Rule ……..91
4.2.4 Collected Cultural Objects from Tanzania during German Rule ….91

4.3 Discussion: Repatriation Endeavours for Remains Collected
from Tanzania during German Rule …………………………………………………..91
4.3.1 Repatriated human remains from Germany (representing extant humans and extinct proto-humans) …………………………………..91
4.3.2 Un-repatriated human remains ……………………………………………………92
4.3.3 Background to the stance on repatriation and
Looming Questions ……………………………………………………………………..93
4.3.4 Looming Questions ……………………………………………………………………..95

4.4 Future Prospects …………………………………………………………………………………96
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………97

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………………..100

Chapter Five: German built heritage for continued use for socio-economic development in Tanzania
Dr. Charles Bernard Saanane ………………………………………………………………. 10

5.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………..105

5.1 Infrastructure for Socio-Economic Services ……………………………………..107
5.1.1 Houses for Governance and Settlements …………………………………….107
5.1.2 Electricity Services ……………………………………………………………………..109

5.2 Economic Ventures …………………………………………………………………………..110
5.2.1 Establishment of Ports, Warehouses and Customs Services ………..110
5.2.2 Establishment of Plantations ………………………………………………………110
5.2.3 Mining ……………………………………………………………………………………….111
5.2.4 Wildlife Conservation Measures ………………………………………………..111

5.3 Establishment and Development of Transport Infrastructure ……………113
5.3.1 Railways Construction, Post and Telegraph Stations …………………..113
5.3.2 Road construction ……………………………………………………………………..114

5.4 Establishment of Social Services ……………………………………………………….114
5.4.1 Establishment of Schools ……………………………………………………………114
5.4.2 Establishment of Healthcare Facilities ………………………………………..115

5.5 Kiswahili Language …………………………………………………………………………..115

5.6 Research and Development ………………………………………………………………117

5.7 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………..118

5.8 Future Prospects: Current Collaborations …………………………………………122
5.8.1 General Overview ………………………………………………………………………122
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….123

Chapter Six: Responsibility in Germany in relation to the
genocide of members of the Majimaji movement and
civil society in 1905-1907 in present-day Tanzania
Prof. Dr. Claus Melter………………………………………………………………. 1
6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………..127
6.2 It was a genocide ……………………………………………………………………………… 129

6.3 Refusal to recognise the fact of crimes and genocides committed ……..131

6.4 The power of dethematisation …………………………………………………………..131

6.5 Remembering the victims of National Socialism ………………………………133

6.6 Different memory practices ………………………………………………………………134

6.7 Concealment of genocides in writings on missions
and colonial medicine ………………………………………………………………………134

6.8 Colonial medicine and genocide ………………………………………………………136

6.9 Learning history ………………………………………………………………………………. 136

Sources and literature ……………………………………………………………………………137

The Editors and Authors ………………………………………………………………. 145